Through an analysis and comparison of the mental processes involved in writing a piece of literary text, and then translating it into another language, it was found that a translator is involved in many more such subtle mental behaviours: a) comprehending the original text; b) finding the linguistic equivalents in the target language to convey the similar message and beauty in the mind of the reader of the translated text. It is concluded that the translator has supremacy over the writer with respect to mentality as well as social prestige, though both enjoy a high rank in civilized communities.

ABSTRACTDuring the last century, ports of Persian Gulf become the most important storage, refining and transportation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products and also, business activities. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between ports, the impact of port activities on the development of urban spaces will be different, and this issue leads to structural differences of port cities. The purpose of this research is to identify the key Variables affecting the relations and spatial structure of port-city in Dubai as the most thriving and successful port-city in the Persian Gulf. This research is based on deductive reasoning and carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of other prominent articles) and also primary data (questionnaire). sampling method is based on purposive sampling and Micmac software was used to analyze the data. Output of Micmac software shows the position of the instability of the system. Therefore, the position of each Variables in the conceptual model can be categorized to driver, linkage, dependent, and autonomous factors. The research findings indicate 4 Variables (like as “income, cost and investmnets in port-city”) can be introduced as a driver factor, 5 Variables (like as “advanced multimodal transportation in the port”) can be introduced as a linkage factor, 6 Variables (like as “quality of living environment and desirable city”) can be introduced as a dependent factor, 3 Variables (like as “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port”) can be introduced as an autonomous factor. The rapid development of Dubai can be explained by the purposeful distribution of revenues from trade and tourismExtended AbstractIntroductionDuring the last century, ports of Persian Gulf become the most important storage, refining and transportation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products and also, business activities. The global increase in oil demand since the 1950s led to the creation of discovery of new oil wells and large industrial areas. With the construction of new oil or gas facilities in the port areas, increasing oil revenues contributed to the countries of the Persian Gulf region and form a new geographical relationship between ports and coastal cities which had an impact on the spatial structure and relation of them. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between ports, the impact of port activities on the development of urban spaces will be different, and this issue leads to structural differences of port cities. In the 1950s, Containerization (container loading technology) was based in some of the world's ports and created a huge transformation in the shipping industry, which had a significant impact on the development of ports. Although the ports of the Persian Gulf have made a significant contribution to the economic growth and physical development of other ports in the world, but few researches have been done on the Variables and factors affecting the development of the spatial structure of the important ports of the Persian Gulf. This region, due to its unique geographical location, has always been considered as a most important corridor in the field of economic and transportation throughout history. Some of the most important energy and commercial ports in this region are: Dubai, Manama, Kuwait, Dammam, Doha, Bushehr, Bandar-Abbas and Assaluyeh. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to identify the key Variables affecting the relations and spatial structure of port-city in Dubai as the most thriving and successful port-city in the Persian Gulf. MethodologyThis research is based on deductive reasoning and carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of other prominent articles) and also primary data (questionnaire). The method used in this research is quantitative and the sampling method is based on purposive sampling. the Variables affecting the spatial structure of port-city relations were identified in the form of a review of 31 prominent articles. 25 experts (who had comprehensive knowledge and information about the development process of the city-port of Dubai) participated to determine the effectiveness or influence of Variables. Finally, the output of data analysis was done by the Micmac software. Results and discussionOutput of Micmac software shows the position of the Variables in the diagram that it indicates their status in the system and their role in the dynamics and changes of the system. The method of distribution and dispersion of the Variables in the spatial structure of port-city relations indicates the instability of the system. Therefore, based on the output of the system, the position of each Variables in the conceptual model can be identified in five categories (driver, linkage, dependent, autonomous and regulatory Variables). According to the results, some Variables such as “the changes in the strategic positions” and “geopolitics of port-city”, “the modification of the management method” and “regional planning of the ports”, “the promotion of local governance in the relations between port-city” and “the way of national and international management of ports have been introduced as driver Variables. On the other hand, five Variables consist of “advanced multimodal transportation in the port” and “income, cost and investment in the port-city”, “the contrast and physical integration of the port - city space”, “the development of various industrial and production activities in the ports and their local hinterland” and “their qualities Financial and commercial policies of ports” have been introduced as linkage Variables. Findings of research also shows that some Variables consist of “quality of living environment and desirable city”, “quantity and quality of transit corridors (rail, road and air) to hinterland”, “construction and launching the new port (sea port or dry port)”, “terminal facilities and infrastructure and warehousing”, “conflict or convergence between the city and the port” and “increase in population growth rate and migration to the port - city” categorized as dependent Variables. Three Variables including “cultural and historical background of ports”, “use of cheaper energy, Less-polluted, clean and renewable energies in the city-port” and “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port” categorized as autonomous Variables. Finally, a variable with the title of “improvement in management and information technology and development in loading, unloading and storage of commodities” have been introduced as regulatory Variables. The findings of this research have a remarkable similarity with other researches carried out in the field of city-port relation and clearly emphasize the direct impact of the "investment in port-city" in the development of them. For example, Grossmann (2008) emphasized that city-port of Hamburg has become one of the largest ports in Northern Europe during the last few decades due to huge domestic and foreign investment. ConclusionThis research carried out in order to introduce and explain the key Variables affecting the development of the spatial structure of the port-city of Dubai. On this basis, 21 Variables have been extracted by systematic reviews of prominent articles. In the following, 25 experts were selected with the purposive sampling method. Among the 21 Variables extracted, 4 Variables (like as “geopolitics of port-city”) introduced as a driver factor, 5 Variables (like as “advanced multimodal transportation in the port”) introduced as a linkage factor, 6 Variables (like as “quality of living environment and desirable city”) introduced as a dependent factor, 3 Variables (like as “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port”) introduced as an autonomous factor. The rapid development of Dubai can be explained by the purposeful distribution of revenues from trade and tourism. A part of these revenues has been directed towards investment in important transportation infrastructures such as airports and ports of this city. These strategies have a wide impact on improving the economic growth of the city and the development of the port in order to adapt with the global trade and advanced technologies. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Second language (L2) communication strategies (CSs) have traditionally been dealt with through either interactional or psychological perspectives. However, this paper is a critical attempt to question the status of the particular kinds of Psycholinguistic and interactional approaches that currently dominate the field of second language acquisition (SLA). In this way, it expands the significance of CSs by examining the other important dimensions of language within L2 contexts that affect/are affected by CSs. The new paths to dealing with CSs proposed in this paper rely on three aspects. First, the abundant use of CSs in non-native teacher talk within L2 classroom contexts is dealt with. Second, the neglected role of discourse-based CSs in previous studies is taken into account. Third, the particular relevance of CSs to noticing function of output hypothesis is considered. By challenging prevailing views and concepts, and by critically examining theoretical assumptions, the ultimate goal is to argue for a re-conceptualization of CSs within SLA research.

Introduction: A new look at science, including a psychological look at the cognitive functions of the mind, including language, is one of the favorite researches of scientists. One of the psychological functions of the brain in the Turkish constructional variety is the conversion of the phoneme /e/ in the last syllable of feminine nouns into the phoneme [æ, ] in speech. Although most of the female names in this type are loanwords, but all these words are subject to the Banabi type in speech and colloquial language. Of course, it is necessary to explain that this completely depends on education and age. Therefore, the aim of the current research is the effect of Psycholinguistic Variables (education and age) on the representation of the phoneme /e/ in the final syllable of female nouns in the Banabi variant of Azerbaijani Turkish. Methods: In this research, the data collection method is interview. 60 female names were collected from 60 native speakers of Benabi language after interview. In this way, all these 60 subjects were asked to introduce themselves. Subjects were divided into three groups based on education variable and two groups based on age. Due to the illiteracy of some of the subjects, only verbal and spoken style was examined. The research data were analyzed using column charts. Results: The data analysis shows that Psycholinguistic Variables (education and age) have an effect on the phonetic representation of the /e/ phoneme in the final syllable of female names of the Banabi variety of Azerbaijani Turkish. Conclusion: In fact, it can be said that the phonetic representation of the phoneme /e/ in this species is a function of Psycholinguistic differences.

Idiomatic expressions are defined as linguistic structures, which, in contrast with ordinary sentences, can not be interpreted via meaning amalgamation of their constituents. This study aims at surveying the most important Psycholinguistic models proposed in the study of idiom comprehension. Furthermore, the significant characteristics of these approaches have been discussed. The common feature of the traditional approaches is their emphasis on the literal meaning processing, that is, these approaches are either adherents of serial meaning processing, i.e., they would assert that literal meaning processing takes place before figurative meaning processing, or they are interested on the parallel meaning processing. However, the common ground of the novel approaches is that they emphasize on the important role of the contextual features in accelerating idiom comprehension. At the end, the notable graded salience hypothesis has been criticized, and the possibility of posing a unified theoretical framework in idiom comprehension has been investigated.

Fluency in a second language (L2) involves a quintessentially cognitive processing system that operates quickly and effectively. The perceived importance of researching fluency through a Psycholinguistic lens has motivated the related L2 research to resort to current cognitive speaking-specific models. This study, drawing on Levelt's (1999a) Psycholinguistic model, probed the deficiency sources (DSs) (non) fluent L2 speakers encounter in L2 communication and then surveyed the problem-solving mechanisms (PSMs) they happen to engage in to circumvent or mitigate the bottle-neck effects of the deficiencies. First, an analytic fluency rating scale was developed to assess the audio-recorded (monologic and dialogic) speech samples of a large number of L2 speakers and identify the fluent and nonfluent speakers. Two questionnaires and output-related retrospective interviews were employed to explore the (non) fluent L2 speakers' DSs and PSMs. The MANOVA results and the interpretative analysis of retrospective data revealed that the nonfluent participants mainly suffered from resource deficits, processing time pressure, and perceived deficiencies in the interlocutor's performance. Specifically, they felt adversely pressured by an onrush of competing plans or the absence of any to chart their minds, floundered on feeling incapable of configuring a viable syntactic structure for their intended meanings, were restrained groping for the right lemma to fit their notions, or faltered due to a daunting uncertainty of the phonological accuracy. Meanwhile, they resorted to ineffective oral-production strategies such as message abandonment and reduction, which resulted in disfluent speech. The fluent participants, however, did not suffer from these DSs and employed PSMs more consistently. They were able to dynamically reformulate the notions or the preverbal message, apply a revitalized encoding mechanism, use various stalling mechanisms, and negotiate meaning in order to monitor the articulation. The findings suggest that any attempt intended to improve or assess L2 fluency pivot on a Psycholinguistic approach to L2 oral production.

With the renewed interest in the field of second language learning for the knowledge of collocating words, research findings in favour of holistic processing of formulaic language could support the idea that these language units facilitate efficient language processing. This study investigated the difference between processing of a first language (L1) and a second language (L2) of congruent collocations. A read-aloud task was administered to monolinguals (Persian) and advanced bilinguals (Persian-English) to assess their reaction time (RT) to collocations in comparison to non-collocations. With respect to the frequency-based approaches to the study of collocations, a list of high frequency items and a second list of non-collocations were compiled. It was hypothesised that when bilinguals are at advanced levels of proficiency their processing rate should not differ significantly from monolinguals. The study also examined the assumptions of dual-route system model (Wray, 2002). The data was analysed using linear mixed-effects modelling. The results suggested no advantage for processing of collocations over non-collocations, whereas collocational processing displayed higher response rate for monolinguals in comparison to bilinguals which contradicted our hypotheses and is in line with dual-route model assumptions.